Main Article Content

Fransisco Tarigan

Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih

Muhammad Rustamaji

Intan Baretta Nur Annisa

Matthew Marcellinno Gunawan

Abstract

Environmental crimes in Indonesia pose significant risks to both the ecosystem and human welfare. Notwithstanding established legal frameworks, the rights of victims of these offences frequently remain insufficiently addressed. This essay analyzes the current state of victim rights regarding environmental crimes in Indonesia, emphasizing the challenges in their enforcement and suggesting pathways for legal reform. Utilising a green victimology framework, it examines the legislative stipulations for victim compensation, restitution, and rehabilitation, juxtaposing them with international benchmarks. This study employs a normative juridical methodology, complemented by case study analysis and an examination of current regulatory instruments, to identify various structural deficiencies, including normative gaps, ineffective law enforcement mechanisms, and the absence of formal procedures for compensation and substantial victim involvement in legal proceedings. The research identifies key obstacles, including insufficient law enforcement, challenges in establishing causation and quantifying damages, restricted access to justice for marginalized groups, corporate influence, and inadequate support systems for victims. The essay ultimately presents policy proposals aimed at strengthening the legislative framework, enhancing enforcement capabilities, advocating for restorative justice, increasing access to justice, and fostering community empowerment to achieve more sustainable environmental justice in Indonesia.

References

Abdurrachman, Hamidah, Achmad Irwan Hamzani, and Joko Mariyono, ‘Environmental Crime and Law Enforcement in Indonesia: Some Reflections on Counterproductive Approaches’, Environmental Policy and Law, 51.6 (2021), pp. 409–16, doi:10.3233/EPL-210024

Afriansyah, Arie, Anbar Jayadi, and Angela Vania, ‘Fighting the Giants: Efforts in Holding Corporation Responsible for Environmental Damages in Indonesia’, Hasanuddin Law Review, 4.3 (2018), pp. 325 – 338, doi:10.20956/halrev.v4i3.1626

Akhdloriy, Abdurrahman Al, Lego Karjoko, and I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, Analysis Of Law And Good Government’s Public Policy of Granting Permits to Build Mosques Related to Qibla Direction Mistake (2024), pp. 63–67, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_11

Aldyan, Arsyad, and others, ‘Local Wisdom-Based Environmental Management Policy in Indonesia : Challenges and Implementation’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.3 (2024), pp. 332–54, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i3.100

——, and others, ‘Local Wisdom-Based Environmental Management Policy in Indonesia: Challenges and Implementation’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.3 (2024), doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i3.100

Alfiani, Novita, Lego Karjoko, and I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, Economic and Legal Perspectives on Mining Permits in Protected Forest Areas for Realizing Ecological Justice (2024), pp. 39–44, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_7

Ali, Mahrus, and others, ‘Compensation and Restitution for Victims of Crime in Indonesia: Regulatory Flaws, Judicial Response, and Proposed Solution’, Cogent Social Sciences, 8.1 (2022), doi:10.1080/23311886.2022.2069910

Andiojaya, Agung, ‘Do Stronger Anti Money Laundering (AML) Measures Reduce Crime? An Empirical Study on Corruption, Bribery, and Environmental Crime’, Journal of Economic Criminology, 8 (2025), p. 100157, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconc.2025.100157

Andriyani, Lenna, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and Pujiyono Suwadi, Restorative Juctice in Indonesian Law Enforcement: Due Process Model Perspective Analysis (2024), pp. 662–69, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_110

——, Hartiwiningsih, and Pujiyono Suwadi, ‘Reconceptualization of Restorative Justice in The Attorney General’s Office of The Republic of Indonesia’, Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18.1 (2024), p. e04697, doi:10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-053

Anggraeni, Anggita, ‘Penal Mediation as Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Criminal Law Reform in Indonesia’, Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1.2 (2020), pp. 369–80, doi:10.15294/jllr.v1i2.35409

Angkasa, Angkasa, ‘Green Victimology Perspective the Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management’, Jurnal Media Hukum, 27.2 (2020), doi:10.18196/jmh.20200153

——, ‘Green Victimology Perspective the Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management’, Jurnal Media Hukum, 27.2 (2020), doi:10.18196/jmh.20200153

Annisa Mutiara, ‘UPAYA PENEGAKAN HUKUM DAN PERLINDUNGAN KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DITINJAU DARI SUDUT PANDANG GREEN VICTIMOLOGY’, LITRA: Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Tata Ruang, Dan Agraria, 2.1 (2022), pp. 129–46, doi:10.23920/litra.v2i1.1093

——, ‘UPAYA PENEGAKAN HUKUM DAN PERLINDUNGAN KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DITINJAU DARI SUDUT PANDANG GREEN VICTIMOLOGY’, LITRA: Jurnal Hukum Lingkungan, Tata Ruang, Dan Agraria, 2.1 (2022), pp. 129–46, doi:10.23920/litra.v2i1.1093

Aragão, Alexandra, ‘Chapter 9 - Geoethics in the Anthropocene: Law as a Game Changer’, in Geoethics for the Future, ed. by Silvia Peppoloni and Giuseppe Di Capua (Elsevier, 2024), pp. 109–25, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-15654-0.00025-6

Arief, Syamsul, Fauzie Yusuf Hasibuan, and Lilik Mulyadi, ‘Reflecting Pancasila in Environmental Crimes Enforcement: Diffusing Values to Indonesia’s Laws’, Pancasila and Law Review, 5.1 (2024), pp. 19–30, doi:10.25041/plr.v5i1.3457

Arif, Muhammad Fauzi, and others, ‘Da’i Caderization Through Tabligh Training for Student’, doi:10.2991/assehr.k.220407.001

Arifin, R, R Rodiyah, and R Wulansarie, ‘Climate Justice in Indonesian Environmental Protection: Past, Present and Future Challenges’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1248.1 (2023), p. 012037, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1248/1/012037

Arumbinang, Mohammad Hazyar, and Iwan Satriawan, ‘Indonesian Constitutional Rights Protection and Climate Change: Safeguarding Future Generations’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1475.1 (2025), p. 012032, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1475/1/012032

Asmara, Teguh, and Lastuti Abubakar, ‘Juridical Study on the Optimization of Cash Waqf Management by Islamic Banking in Indonesia’, PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law), 06.03 (2019), pp. 427–45, doi:10.22304/pjih.v6n3.a1

Aydin, Mucahit, and others, ‘Regulatory Pathways to Green Energy Transition for Sustainable Environment: The Fostering Role of Human Rights, Banking Sector Development, Economic Complexity, and Economic Freedom’, Journal of Environmental Management, 366 (2024), p. 121739, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121739

Basnyat, Bijendra, and others, ‘Conservation by Corruption: The Hidden yet Regulated Economy in Nepal’s Community Forest Timber Sector’, Forest Policy and Economics, 149 (2023), p. 102917, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102917

Bazemore, Gordon, ‘Crime Victims, Restorative Justice and the Juvenile Court: Exploring Victim Needs and Involvement in the Response to Youth Crime’, International Review of Victimology, 6.4 (1999), pp. 295–320, doi:10.1177/026975809900600404

Bocken, Nancy M P, and Samuel W Short, ‘Unsustainable Business Models – Recognising and Resolving Institutionalised Social and Environmental Harm’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 312 (2021), p. 127828, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127828

Busch, Henner, and others, ‘Mining Coal While Digging for Justice: Investigating Justice Claims against a Coal-Phase out in Five Countries’, The Extractive Industries and Society, 15 (2023), p. 101275, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101275

Chervier, Colas, and others, ‘Impact of Indonesia’s Forest Management Units on the Reduction of Forest Loss and Forest Fires in Sulawesi’, Ecological Economics, 227 (2025), doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2024.108418

Daems, Tom, ‘Compatible Victims? Prison Overcrowding and Penal Reform in Belgium’, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 36.3 (2008), pp. 153–67, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2008.04.001

Dewi, Friska Santika, Law Enforcement and Protection of Victims of Environmental Crimes: A Green Victimology Perspective (2023), pp. 166–73, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-164-7_16

——, Law Enforcement and Protection of Victims of Environmental Crimes: A Green Victimology Perspective (2023), pp. 166–73, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-164-7_16

Ekblom, Paul, and others, ‘Crime Prevention through Environmental Design in the United Arab Emirates: A Suitable Case for Reorientation?’, Built Environment, 39.1 (2013), pp. 92 – 113, doi:10.2148/benv.39.1.92

Fajrini, Rika, ‘Environmental Harm and Decriminalization of Traditional Slash-and-Burn Practices in Indonesia’, International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 11.1 (2022), pp. 28–43, doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.2034

Femke, and Wijdekop, ‘Restorative Justice Responses to Environmental Harm (IUCN Report)’, n.d.

Firmandayu, Nilam, and Ayman Alameen Mohammed Abdalrhman, ‘Spatial Policy Regarding Carbon Trading for Climate Change Mitigation in Indonesia : Environmental Justice Perspective’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 1–29, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.113

Frida, and Eriksson, ‘Victim-Offender Mediation in Sweden and South Africa’ (unpublished, 2018)

Fx Hastowo Broto Laksito, ‘Policy Discrimination against the Minority Group of Flows of Believers Citizens in Indonesia: An Administrative Justice Perspective’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 1.1 (2023), pp. 36–49, doi:10.62264/jlej.v1i1.5

Gunawan, Matthew Marcellinno, ‘Notaries Responsibilities in Receiving Payment of Tax on Acquisition of Land & Building Rights’, Sultan Agung Notary Law Review, 3.2 (2021), p. 376, doi:10.30659/sanlar.3.2.257-262

——, and M Yazid Fathoni, ‘The Establishment of Simple Lawsuit Rules in Business Disputes in Indonesia: An Challenge to Achieve Fair Legal Certainty’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 1.1 (2023), pp. 19–35, doi:10.62264/jlej.v1i1.1

——, Pujiyono, and Muhammad Rustamaji, Integration of Law and Information Technology in Access to Justice Fulfillment Efforts For Justice Seekers (2023), pp. 120–27, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-148-7_11

——, Pujiyono Suwadi, and Muhammad Rustamaji, ‘Comparison of Restorative Justice Implementation in Indonesia, Usa, Germany, Poland and Switzerland’, Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18.1 (2024), p. e04677, doi:10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-055

Hakim, Faisal Luqman, Adi Sulistiyono, and Pujiyono Suwadi, Consumer Dispute Resolution Body Authority: An Examination of The Components of Default In Consumer Disputes (2024), pp. 96–100, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_15

Hall, Matthew, Victims of Environmental Harm: Rights, Recognition and Redress under National and Intemational Law, in Victims of Environmental Harm: Rights, Recognition and Redress under National and Intemational Law (2013), doi:10.4324/9780203083444

——, ‘Victims of Environmental Harms and Their Role in National and International Justice’, Critical Criminological Perspectives, 2013, pp. 218 – 241, doi:10.1057/9781137273994_12

Hanum, Willy Naresta, Tran Thi Dieu Ha, and Nilam Firmandayu, ‘Eliminating Ecological Damage in Geothermal Energy Extraction : Fulfillment of Ecological Rights by Proposing Permits Standardization’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.2 (2024), pp. 205–28, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i2.105

Hartanto, Ponco, Subagio Gigih, and Riami Chancy, ‘Discourse of Ecological Damage as a State Financial Loss : Evidence from Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.3 (2024), pp. 307–31, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i3.110

——, Ricky Ricky, and Vincent Ariesto Gunawan, ‘Using Indonesian Corruption Law for Eradicating the Yogyakarta Sultanate Land Mafia: A Legal Formulation Study’, Indonesian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice, 1.1 (2025), pp. 23–53, doi:10.62264/ijccj.v1i1.122

Hartmann, Arthur, and Sophie Settels, Comparative Statistics in the Field of Restorative Justice, in Comparative Restorative Justice (2021), doi:10.1007/978-3-030-74874-6_13

Haryadi, Lilik, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and Sapto Hermawan, Legal Protection for Communities Affected by Nickel Mine Exploitation Amidst Increased Exploration for Electric Battery Needs (2024), pp. 68–76, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_12

Hendriana, Rani, ‘Legal Protection of the Environment in Indonesia from a Green Victimology Perspective’, doi:10.2991/assehr.k.211014.038

——, ‘Legal Protection of the Environment in Indonesia from a Green Victimology Perspective’, doi:10.2991/assehr.k.211014.038

Himawan, Ludy, and Endang Sri Lestari, ‘Settlement of Environmental Crime Through Restorative Justice’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1270.1 (2023), p. 012009, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1270/1/012009

——, and Endang Sri Lestari, ‘Settlement of Environmental Crime Through Restorative Justice’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1270.1 (2023), p. 012009, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1270/1/012009

——, and Endang Sri Lestari, ‘Settlement of Environmental Crime Through Restorative Justice’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1270.1 (2023), p. 012009, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1270/1/012009

Hossain, Md. Sanowar, and others, ‘Investigating the Techno-Economic and Environmental Feasibility of Biogas-Based Power Generation Potential Using Food Waste in Bangladesh’, Renewable Energy, 232 (2024), p. 121017, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2024.121017

Ishwara, Ade Sathya Sanathana, ‘Reformasi Hukum Pidana: Suatu Kajian Yuridis Terhadap Pembuktian Tindak Pidana Santet Dalam KUHP Baru’, IBLAM Law Review, 3.3 (2023), pp. 100–11

Iswari, Fauzi, I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, and Lego Karjoko, Ulayat Land Disputes in Minangkabau Customary Law Community: Customary Courts As An Alternative (2024), pp. 101–08, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_16

Itskovich, Eran, and Roni Factor, ‘Economic Inequality and Crime: The Role of Social Resistance’, Journal of Criminal Justice, 86 (2023), p. 102065, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102065

Januar Rahadian Mahendra, Supanto, and Devi Triasari, ‘The Role of Victim Trust Funds in Addressing Unpaid Restitution Human Trafficking: Lessons US and Europe’, Indonesian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice, 1 (2025), pp. 89–107, doi:10.62264/ijccj.v1i1.123

Johnstone, Gerry, Restorative Justice: Ideas, Values, Debates (Willan, 2002)

Jumas, and others, ‘Establishing an Environmental Court in Indonesia: Addressing Legal Challenges for Environmental Justice in Line with SDG 13 and SDG 16’, Journal of Lifestyle and SDGs Review, 5.1 (2024), p. e03043, doi:10.47172/2965-730X.SDGsReview.v5.n01.pe03043

Kamran, Muhammad, and Syahrul Syahrul, ‘Professionalism and Medical Liability of Physician: Patient Protection and Civil Remedies’, SIGn Jurnal Hukum, 6.2 (2024), pp. 206–18, doi:10.37276/sjh.v6i2.375

Kehik, Bernardus Seran, and Adeodata Laniria Charla Barros Mbiri, ‘Kompleksitas Pengembangan Peraturan Daerah Yang Responsif Di Kabupaten Malaka, Nusa Tenggara Timur’, Society, 12.2 (2024), pp. 519–37, doi:10.33019/society.v12i2.599

Kurnianto, Anang Wahyu, and Ridwanto Ardi Kusumo, ‘Recall on Village Heads Election: An Election Law Reform’, Journal of Law and Legal Reform, 1.2 (2020), pp. 201–14, doi:10.15294/jllr.v1i2.35406

Kurniawan, Itok Dwi, and others, ‘Formal Requirements for Class Action Lawsuits in Environmental Cases in Indonesia : Problems and Solutions’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 79–103, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.114

——, and others, ‘Formal Requirements for Class Action Lawsuits in Environmental Cases in Indonesia: Problems and Solutions’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 79–103, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.114

Kurrahman, Taufik, and others, ‘Data-Driven Natural Capital Accounting Model in Indonesia: Impacts of Environmentally Related Economic Activities on Ecological Processes and Services’, Journal of Cleaner Production, 469 (2024), p. 143213, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143213

Kusuma, Febrian Indar Surya, I Gusti Ayu Ketut Rachmi Handayani, and Sapto Hermawan, Free Markets Supervision in Trade through Electronic Systems: An Economic and Law’s Perspective (2024), pp. 57–62, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_10

Laksito, FX. Hastowo Broto, Aji Bawono, and Afridah Ikrimah, ‘Reducing Community Participation in the Preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments ( EIA ): Evidence from Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.2 (2024), pp. 137–61, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i2.101

Lambila, Roberth Jimmy, Muhamad Mahrus Setia Wijaksana, and Fatma Ulfatun Najicha, ‘Environmental Law Enforcement Efforts in Indonesia’, 2024, p. 020038, doi:10.1063/5.0202108

Lawry-White, Merryl, Victims of Environmental Harm during Conflict: The Potential for ‘Justice’, in Environmental Protection and Transitions from Conflict to Peace: Clarifying Norms, Principles, and Practices (2017), doi:10.1093/oso/9780198784630.003.0016

Lawton, Graham, ‘Crimes against Nature’, New Scientist, 250.3333 (2021), p. 24, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00787-9

Lee, Josephina, ‘Review of Panel Discussion on Digital, Media and Information Literacy—Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, 16.2 (2024), pp. 697–99, doi:10.1093/jhuman/huae001

——, ‘Review of Panel Discussion on Digital, Media and Information Literacy—Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, 16.2 (2024), pp. 697–99, doi:10.1093/jhuman/huae001

Li, Shensen, ‘Design of Metaverse Digital Technology Optimization Model Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology’, Procedia Computer Science, 259 (2025), pp. 977–83, doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.04.051

M Zaid, M Musa, and Bianglala Asmarasari, ‘“Novum” in Indonesian Criminal Justice: Problems and Legal Reform’, Indonesian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice, 1 (2025), pp. 54–88, doi:10.62264/ijccj.v1i1.121

MAHDY, Mohamad, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and Isharyanto Isharyanto, ‘Wiretapping Law in Indonesia’;, Asian Journal of Human Services, 28.0 (2025), pp. 242–72, doi:10.14391/ajhs.28.242

Mahendra, Januar Rahadian, and Silas Oghenemaro Emovwodo, ‘Monodualistic and Pluralistic Punishment Politics in Criminal Code Reform: Lessons from Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 1.3 (2023), pp. 225–43, doi:10.62264/jlej.v1i3.17

Marder, Ian D, ‘Mapping Restorative Justice and Restorative Practices in Criminal Justice in the Republic of Ireland’, International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 70 (2022), p. 100544, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2022.100544

Marshall, T., Restorative Justice: An Overview (Home Office, 1999)

Mestitz, Anna, and Simona Ghetti (eds.), Victim-Offender Mediation with Youth Offenders in Europe (Springer-Verlag, 2005), doi:10.1007/1-4020-3879-8

Muhammad Reza Syariffudin Zaki, ‘Ecocide Dalam Pandangan Kriminalisasi Internasional Dengan Menguatnya Impunitas Korporasi Berdasarkan Hukum Pidana Internasional’, Mimbar Hukum, 35.Special Issue (2023), doi:doi.org/10.22146/mh.v35i0.11457

Novita Alfiani, and Nesita Anggraini, ‘The Theory and Practise of Legal Feminism: Examining Its Impact on the Representation of Women in Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 1.1 (2023), pp. 1–18, doi:10.62264/jlej.v1i1.3

Nugara, Nugara, Irwan Susanto, and M. Nur Ikhwan, ‘Analisis Lokasi Dan Produk Unggulan Untuk Pengembangan Pertanian Di Kabupaten Pekalongan’, Jurnal Wilayah Dan Lingkungan, 13.1 (2025), pp. 12–32, doi:10.14710/jwl.13.1.12-32

Nurcahyo, Nanang, and Ramalina Ranaivo Mikea Manitra, ‘Why Have Indonesian Murderers Not Paid Victims’ Heirs?’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 1.2 (2023), pp. 155–69, doi:10.62264/jlej.v1i2.13

Okereke, Chukwumerije, and Mark Charlesworth, Environmental and Ecological Justice, in Advances in International Environmental Politics (2014), doi:10.1057/9781137338976

Oktavianti, Puteri Chintami, Pujiyono Suwadi, and Sunny Ummul Firdaus, The Policies for Domestic Worker Protection Between Indonesia and Philippines (Kasambahay Law) (2024), pp. 45–50, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_8

Palilingan, Toar Neman, and others, ‘Safeguarding Fishermen’s Livelihoods: A Human Rights Approach Against Coastal Reclamation’, SASI, 30.4 (2024), p. 429, doi:10.47268/sasi.v30i4.2330

Pardede, Marulak, and others, ‘Perspectives of Sustainable Development vs. Law Enforcement on Damage, Pollution and Environmental Conservation Management in Indonesia’, Journal of Water and Climate Change, 14.10 (2023), pp. 3770–90, doi:10.2166/wcc.2023.417

Pirard, Romain, Pablo Pacheco, and Claudia Romero, ‘The Role of Hybrid Governance in Supporting Deforestation-Free Trade’, Ecological Economics, 210 (2023), p. 107867, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107867

Ponco Hartanto, Ricky Ricky, and Vincent Ariesto Gunawan, ‘Using Indonesian Corruption Law for Eradicating the Yogyakarta Sultanate Land Mafia: A Legal Formulation Study’, Indonesian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice, 1.1 (2025), pp. 23–53, doi:10.62264/ijccj.v1i1.122

Pratama, Muhammad Bintang, and Pujiyono Suwadi, ‘Implementation of Forced Delisting Mechanism in Go-Private Corporate Action in Indonesia: Is It Right?’, Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18.1 (2024), p. e04676, doi:10.24857/rgsa.v18n1-051

Pratiwi, L. yes Esty, and others, ‘In-Depth Review: Legal Review on Human Rights Enforcement in the ASEAN and EU Context’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 1.3 (2023), pp. 202–24, doi:10.62264/jlej.v1i3.16

Pujiyono Suwadi, and Rian Saputra, ‘Non-Fungible Tokens and the Metaverse Using Cryptocurrency in Indonesia: Money Laundering Potential and Challenges’, Indonesian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice, 1.1 (2025), pp. 109–31, doi:10.62264/ijccj.v1i1.120

Rachmawaty, Rachmawaty, Matthew Marcellinno Gunawan, and Novi Nurviani, ‘Judicial Perspectives on the Equitable Resolution of Anti-SLAPP Cases: Insights from Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.1 (2024), pp. 18–41, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i1.88

Rahadian Mahendra, Januar, Supanto Supanto, and Devi Triasari, ‘The Role of Victim Trust Funds in Addressing Unpaid Restitution Human Trafficking: Lessons from US and Europe’, Indonesian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice, 1.1 (2025), pp. 89–107, doi:10.62264/ijccj.v1i1.123

Sagheer, Muneeb, and Alia Ashraf, ‘Insights on China’s Economic and Environmental Dynamics for Integrating Growth and Sustainability’, Innovation and Green Development, 3.4 (2024), p. 100171, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100171

Salim, Agus, Ria Anggraeni Utami, and Zico Junius Fernando, ‘GREEN VICTIMOLOGY: SEBUAH KONSEP PERLINDUNGAN KORBAN DAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN DI INDONESIA’, Bina Hukum Lingkungan, 7.1 (2024), pp. 59–79 <https://www.bhl-jurnal.or.id/index.php/bhl/article/view/179>

Saputra, Rian, and others, ‘Ecological Justice in Indonesia and China Post- Mining Land Use ?’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.3 (2024), pp. 254–84, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i3.108

——, and others, ‘Ecological Justice in Indonesia and China Post-Mining Land Use?’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.3 (2024), pp. 254–84, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i3.108

——, Willy Naresta Hanum, and Vincent Ariesto Gunawan, ‘Post-Mining Land Use Regulations and Practices in the United States of America: Lesson for Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 104–33, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.118

——, Willy Naresta, and Vincent Ariesto, ‘Post-Mining Land Use Regulations and Practices in the United States of America : Lesson for Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 104–33, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.118

——, Albertus Usada, and Muhammad Saiful Islam, ‘Ecological Justice in Environmental Criminal Sanctions for Corporations in Indonesia: Problems and Solution’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.1 (2024), pp. 1–17, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i1.19

Saputro, Triyono Adi, and others, ‘Intellectual Property Tourism in Indonesia: Environmental Conservation and Regional Economic Strengthening’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 134–59, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.119

Scott, Benjamin, ‘Environmental Crime and Money Laundering in Australia’, in Financial Crime, Law and Governance: Navigating Challenges in Different Contexts, ed. by Louis Goldbarsht Doron and de Koker (Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024), pp. 99–121, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59547-9_5

Sembiring, Raynaldo, Isna Fatimah, and Grita Anindarini Widyaningsih, ‘Indonesia’s Omnibus Bill on Job Creation: A Setback for Environmental Law?’, Chinese Journal of Environmental Law (Leiden, The Netherlands), 4.1 (2020), pp. 97–109, doi:10.1163/24686042-12340051

Shobur, Muhammad, and others, ‘Enhancing Food Security through Import Volume Optimization and Supply Chain Communication Models: A Case Study of East Java’s Rice Sector’, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 11.1 (2025), p. 100462, doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100462

Silva, Jonathan Gonçalves da, Roselaine Bonfim de Almeida, and Leandro Vinicios Carvalho, ‘An Economic Analysis of a Zero-Deforestation Policy in the Brazilian Amazon’, Ecological Economics, 203 (2023), p. 107613, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107613

Stevis, Dimitris, ‘Whose Ecological Justice?’, Strategies: Journal of Theory, Culture & Politics, 13.1 (2000), pp. 63–76, doi:10.1080/10402130050007520

Strang, Heather, and others, ‘Restorative Justice Conferencing (RJC) Using Face‐to‐Face Meetings of Offenders and Victims: Effects on Offender Recidivism and Victim Satisfaction. A Systematic Review’, Campbell Systematic Reviews, 9.1 (2013), pp. 1–59, doi:10.4073/csr.2013.12

Subagio Gigih Wijaya, and Matthew Marcellinno Gunawan, ‘Police Discretion on Terminating Corruption Investigations After Return State Financial Losses in Indonesia: Validity and Challenges’, Indonesian Journal of Crime and Criminal Justice, 15.1 (201925), p. 1, doi:10.62264/ijccj.v1i1.124

Sulistyani, Wanodyo, ‘Environmental Crime Victims under Criminal Justice System: A Study on the Development of Environmental Victimology’, PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law), 06.01 (2019), pp. 50–68, doi:10.22304/pjih.v6n1.a3

Sultan, Nasir, and others, ‘The Nexus of Environmental Crimes and Money Laundering/Terrorist Financing: Effectiveness of the FATF Recommendations against Green Criminology in Developing Jurisdictions’, Journal of Money Laundering Control, 28.3 (2025), pp. 485 – 503, doi:10.1108/JMLC-08-2024-0142

Tarigan, Fransisco, Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and Muhammad Rustamaji, Legal Reform for The Rights Of Money Laundering Victims through the Ultimum Remedium Concept (2024), pp. 245–49, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_40

Tokay, Ela, Climate Change, Environmental Philosophy, and Anthropocentrism (2023), pp. 361–76, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07002-0_107

Wicaksono, Muhammad Bagus Adi, and Devi Triasari, ‘Coal Post-Mining Reclamation Policies in Several Countries : Lessons for Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.3 (2024), pp. 229–53, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i3.106

——, and Devi Triasari, ‘Coal Post-Mining Reclamation Policies in Several Countries: Lessons for Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 2.3 (2024), pp. 229–53, doi:10.62264/jlej.v2i3.106

Widodo, Ismu Gunadi, and others, ‘Constraints on Enforcement of Environmental Law Against Corporate Defendants’, Environmental Policy and Law, 49.1 (2019), pp. 76–83, doi:10.3233/EPL-190129

Willms, Christoph, and Rehzi Malzahn, The ‘Deadly Embrace’ of Restorative Justice in Germany, in Restorative Justice at a Crossroads: Dilemmas of Institutionalisation (2024), doi:10.4324/9781003320647-10

Wolthuis, Annemieke, and others, ‘Dutch Developments: Restorative Justice in Legislation and in Practice’, The International Journal of Restorative Justice, 2.1 (2019), pp. 118–34, doi:10.5553/IJRJ/258908912019002001007

Wu, Haitao, and others, ‘Does Environmental Pollution Promote China’s Crime Rate? A New Perspective through Government Official Corruption’, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57 (2021), pp. 292–307, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.04.006

Yahman, Yahman, and Azis Setyagama, ‘Government Policy in Regulating the Environment for Development of Sustainable Environment in Indonesia’, Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25.11 (2023), pp. 12829–40, doi:10.1007/s10668-022-02591-1

Yuliani, Febri, Andri Sulistyani, and Firdaus Yusrizal, ‘Environmental Contribution to the Effectiveness of Food Security Policy Implementation as A Rehabilitation Effort for Stunting Treatment in Rokan Hilir Regency’, E3S Web of Conferences, 611 (2025), p. 01004, doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202561101004

Yustitianingtyas, L, and others, ‘Environmental Law Policy in Indonesia: Challenges and Sustainable Justice’, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1473.1 (2025), p. 012046, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1473/1/012046

Zaid, M., Hartiwiningsih Hartiwiningsih, and Muhammad Rustamaji, Legal Framework for the Development of the Indonesian Economy: Mochtar Kusumaatmadja’s Perspective (2024), pp. 51–56, doi:10.2991/978-2-38476-218-7_9

Zaid, M, Ricky Ricky, and Rakotoarisoa M H Sedera, ‘Blue Carbon Regulations and Implementation in Several Countries: Lessons for Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 30–78, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.117

Zaid, M., Rikcy Ricky, and Rakotoarisoa M H Sedera, ‘Blue Carbon Regulations and Implementation in Several Countries : Lessons for Indonesia’, Journal of Law, Environmental and Justice, 3.1 (2025), pp. 30–78, doi:10.62264/jlej.v3i1.117

Zehr, Howard, ‘Commentary: Restorative Justice: Beyond Victim‐offender Mediation’, Conflict Resolution Quarterly, 22.1–2 (2004), pp. 305–15, doi:10.1002/crq.103

Zhang, Qi, Xifeng Wu, and Yu Chen, ‘Is Economic Crisis an Opportunity for Realizing the Low-Carbon Transition? A Simulation Study on the Interaction between Economic Cycle and Energy Regulation Policy’, Energy Policy, 168 (2022), p. 113114, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113114

Zhang, Xiuqin, and Meiqi You, ‘Environmental Justice, Corporate Green Total Factor Productivity, and Pollution Control: A Quasi-Natural Experiment Based on the Establishment of Environmental Courts’, International Review of Economics & Finance, 100 (2025), p. 104126, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2025.104126

Article Details